Progesterone formulations

ABSTRACT

Various pharmaceutical formulations are disclosed herein. For example, a pharmaceutical formulation is disclosed comprising ultra-micronized progesterone.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371of International Application Ser. No. PCT/US2013/046442, entitled“PROGESTERONE FORMULATIONS” which was filed on Jun. 18, 2013, and claimspriority to the following U.S. Patent Applications: U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 61/661,302, entitled “ESTRADIOL FORMULATIONS,”which was filed on Jun. 18, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/662,265, entitled “PROGESTERONE FORMULATIONS,” which was filed onJun. 20, 2012; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/684,002, entitled“NATURAL COMBINATION HORMONE REPLACEMENT FORMULATIONS AND THERAPIES,”which was filed Nov. 21, 2012; U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.PCT/US2013/023309, entitled “TRANSDERMAL HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPIES,”which was filed Jan. 25, 2013; U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/843,362, entitled “TRANSDERMAL HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPIES,” whichwas filed Mar. 15, 2013; and U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/843,428, entitled “NATURAL COMBINATION HORMONE REPLACEMENTFORMULATIONS AND THERAPIES,” which was filed Mar. 15, 2013. Allaforementioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference hereinin their entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The disclosure relates to progesterone formulations. Variousprogesterone formulations may be used in hormone therapies formenopausal, peri-menopausal and post-menopausal females, for example, tomitigate side effects from estrogen replacement therapy. In addition,various progesterone formulations may be used to prevent pretermdelivery in pregnant women having a shortened cervix.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a medical treatment that involvesthe use of one or more of a group of medications designed to supplementhormone levels in women who lack adequate hormone production. It canmitigate and prevent symptoms caused by diminished circulating estrogenand progesterone hormones.

HRT is available in various forms. One therapy involves administrationof low dosages of one or more estrogen(s) or one or more chemicalanalogues. Another involves administration of progesterone or one ormore chemical analogues. Among other effects, progesteroneadministration acts to mitigate certain undesirable side effects fromestradiol administration or naturally-occurring elevated blood levelsincluding endometrial hyperplasia (thickening) and prevention orinhibition of endometrial cancer. Progesterone is a C-21 steroidal sexhormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supportsgestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesteronebelongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the majornaturally occurring human progestogen. Like other steroids, progesteroneconsists of four interconnected cyclic hydrocarbons. Progesterone ishydrophobic, having a reported aqueous solubility of 0.007±0.0 mg/ml.Progesterone is poorly absorbed when administered orally.

Conventional progesterone therapeutics include the administration ofPROMETRIUM (progesterone, USP) (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Ill.).PROMETRIUM is an FDA-approved drug, formulated in a peanut oil-basedmedium, containing micronized progesterone, but with a relatively largeparticle size fraction.

The active ingredient is considered to be structurally identical tonaturally occurring progesterone produced by a woman's body (also knownas a “bioidentical).

Clinical trials involving PROMETRIUM have shown significant patientvariability. For example, a clinical trial involving postmenopausalwomen who were administered PROMETRIUM once a day for five days resultedin the mean pharmacokinetic parameters listed in Table 1 (see Table 1,package insert for PROMETRIUM).

TABLE 1 Pharmacokinetic Parameters of PROMETRIUM Capsules PROMETRIUMCapsules Daily Dose Parameter 100 mg 200 mg 300 mg C_(max) (ng/ml) 17.3± 21.9 38.1 ± 37.8 60.6 ± 72.5 T_(max) (hr) 1.5 ± 0.8 2.3 ± 1.4 1.7 ±0.6 AUC 43.3 ± 30.8 101.2 ± 66.0  175.7 ± 170.3 (0-10)(ngxhr/ml)

The unusually high variability in the Cmax and AUC, as evidenced by thelarge reported standard deviation, indicates that a significantpercentage of patients are overdosed or receive a sub-optimal dose.

The presence of peanut oil in the formulation excludes patients who areallergic to peanut oil. Peanut oil, like other peanut products, may actas an allergen. Indeed, there is a portion of the population that hassevere reactions to peanut oil. Peanut allergies are becoming asignificant health concern. Food allergies are a leading cause ofanaphylaxis, with approximately 200 deaths occurring annually in theUnited States. While incidence and prevalence are not entirely known, itis suspected that about 6% of children and 4% of adults in North Americaare affected by food allergies. Many food allergies experienced bychildren are generally outgrown in adulthood with the exception ofpeanut allergies.

Progesterone and its analogues can be used to treat a variety of medicalconditions, including acute diseases or disorders, as well as chronicdiseases and disorders associated with long-term declines of naturalprogesterone levels.

Accordingly, improved formulations of progesterone would beadvantageous.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various pharmaceutical formulations are disclosed herein. For example,pharmaceutical formulations are disclosed comprising ultra-micronizedprogesterone. Moreover, pharmaceutical formulations are disclosedcomprising formulations of ultra-micronized progesterone, wherein theultra-micronized progesterone is combined with a suitable excipient.

Thus, in various illustrative embodiments, the invention comprises anencapsulated liquid pharmaceutical formulation for orally administeringprogesterone to a mammal in need thereof, said formulation comprising:progesterone, as the sole active pharmaceutical ingredient, inmicronized form, in solubilized form, or in micronized and partiallysoluble form in a carrier that comprises a medium chain fattyacid-glycol ester or mixtures thereof and a non-ionic surfactantcomprising a polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester. In some suchembodiments the progesterone is ultra-micronized. In some suchembodiments, at least about 80 wt % of the total progesterone ismicronized. The fatty acids can be predominantly (>50 wt %): C6 to C12fatty acids, C6 to C10 fatty acids, C8 to C12 fatty acids, or C8 to C10fatty acids, the esters can be mono-, di-, or triesters or mixturesthereof, and the glycols can be glycerol, polyethylene glycol orpropylene glycol or mixtures thereof. Some embodiments comprise anon-ionic surfactant that comprises C8 to C18 fatty acid esters ofglycerol and polyethylene glycol.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure,and together with the description serve to explain the principles of thedisclosure.

FIG. 1 illustrates a process to produce fill material in accordance withvarious embodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates a process to produce softgel capsules in accordancewith various embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates a process to produce softgel capsules in accordancewith various embodiments; and

FIG. 4 illustrates a dissolution study of a formulation in accordancewith various embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a graph of the particle distribution obtained inExample 10.

FIG. 6 illustrates a dissolution study of a formulation in accordancewith various embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

According to various embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising ultra-micronized progesterone is provided. As described indetail here, various carriers, lubricants, and other excipients may beincluded. In further embodiments, ultra-micronized progesteroneformulations provide improved bioavailability and other pharmacokineticimprovements.

Definitions

Unless otherwise specified, the following definitions apply.

The term “ultra-micronized progesterone,” as used herein, includesmicronized progesterone having an X50 value below about 20 micronsand/or having an X90 value below about 25 microns.

A chemical structure of progesterone is depicted below:

The term “administer,” “administration,” “deliver” or “delivery”(collectively “administration”), as used herein, means administration tothe body via, without limitation, tablets, capsules, softgel capsules,injections, transdermal patches, creams, gels, vaginal suppositoriesincluding gelcaps or other mechanisms known in the art or hereinafterdeveloped. The term “administration” may also mean direct application ofsoftgel contents into the vagina, such as by accessing the softgelcontents opening or rupturing the softgel capsule to liberate thecontents therein.

The term “X50,” as used herein, means that half of the particles in asample are smaller in diameter than a given number. For example,ultra-micronized progesterone having an X50 of 5 microns means that, fora given sample of ultra-micronized progesterone, half of the particleshave a diameter of less than 5 microns. In that regard, similar terms,in the form XYY mean that YY percent of the particles in the sample aresmaller in diameter than a given number. For example, X90 means thatninety percent of the particles in a sample are smaller in diameter thana given number.

The term “medium chain,” as used herein means any medium chaincarbon-contain substance, including C4-C18, and including C6-C12substances, fatty acid esters of glycerol, fatty acids, and mono-, di-,and tri-glycerides of such substances. For further illustration, C6-C14fatty acids, C6-C12 fatty acids, and C8-C10 fatty acids are all mediumchain fatty acids and may be used in instances in which thisspecification calls for use of medium chain fatty acids, e.g., mediumchain fatty acid esters of glycerol or other glycols.

The term “uniform distribution” means at least one of uniformdispersion, solubility, or lack of agglomeration of progesterone ingastric juices compared to PROMETRIUM.

The term “gastric juices” means the watery, acidic digestive fluid thatis secreted by various glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach andconsists chiefly of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, rennin, and mucin.

The term, “API,” as used herein, refers to active pharmaceuticalingredient. In formulations, the API is progesterone.

The term “excipients,” as used herein, refers to non-API substances suchas carriers, solvents, lubricants and others used in formulatingpharmaceutical products. They are generally safe for administering tohumans according to established governmental standards, including thosepromulgated by the United States Food and Drug Administration.

The term “carrier,” as used herein, means any substance or mixture ofsubstances that may be mixed with or contain an API (e.g.,ultra-micronized progesterone).

The term “capsule,” as used herein, refers to a generally safe, readilydissolvable enclosure for carrying certain pharmaceutical products, andincludes hard or soft shell capsules.

The term “softgel,” includes soft shell capsules, including soft-gelatincapsules and soft vegetable-based capsules, and soft capsules made fromother materials providing the composition of such soft capsules arecompatible with the formulations of the various embodiments describedherein. A softgel may comprise two primary phases: a gel orvegetable-based capsule and a fill material of the pharmaceuticalformulation as described herein.

The term “bioavailability,” as used herein means the concentration of anactive ingredient (e.g., progesterone) in the blood (serum or plasma).The relative bioavailability may be measured as the concentration in theblood (serum or plasma) versus time. Other pharmacokinetic (PK)indicators may be used to measure and assess bioavailability, determinedby suitable metrics including AUC, C_(max) and optionally T_(max).

The terms “pharmacokinetics” and “pharmacokinetic measurements” includeassessments and determinations to study absorption, distribution,metabolism, and excretion of a drug.

The term “AUC,” as used herein, refers to the area under the curve thatrepresents changes in blood concentration of progesterone over time.

The term, “C_(max)” as used herein, refers to the maximum value of bloodconcentration shown on the curve that represents changes in bloodconcentrations of progesterone over time.

The term, “T_(max)” as used herein, refers to the time that it takes forprogesterone blood concentration to reach the maximum value.

Optionally, the term, “T_(1/2)” as used herein, refers to the time thatit takes for progesterone blood concentration to decline to one-half ofthe maximum level.

Collectively AUC, C_(max), and optionally T_(max) and T_(1/2), are theprinciple pharmacokinetic parameters that can characterize thepharmacokinetic responses of a particular drug product such asprogesterone in an animal or human subject.

DESCRIPTION

Generally, the pharmaceutical formulations described herein are preparedand administered as filled capsules, typically soft capsules of one ormore materials well known in the art including, for example and withoutlimitation, soft gelatin capsules. Micronized progesterone, as describedherein, may also be prepared for administration in tablets or otherwell-known orally administered dosage forms using standard techniques.

Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a pharmaceuticalformulation of micronized progesterone, micronized progesterone withpartially solubilized progesterone, and fully solubilized progesterone,wherein said formulation may provide increased progesteronebioavailability in a treated subject compared to the bioavailabilityprovided by Prometrium® when administered at equal dosage strengths.

In illustrative embodiments, total progesterone, i.e., dissolved andmicronized, is 20 to 50 wt %, e.g., 30 to 35 wt %, based on the weightof the entire fill, i.e., the liquid pharmaceutical formulation.

Other embodiments disclosed herein further provide: more uniformdissolution of progesterone, and reduced intra- and inter-patient bloodlevel variability in formulations of progesterone of the presentdisclosure, when compared to equal dosages of PROMETRIUM. Blood levelvariability is also compared at equal sampling times followingadministration.

According to the PROMETRIUM prescribing information, clinical trialshave shown significant patient variability. For example, a clinicaltrial involving postmenopausal women who were administered PROMETRIUMonce a day for five days resulted in the mean PK parameters listed inthe following table:

PROMETRIUM Capsules Daily Dose Parameter 100 mg 200 mg 300 mg C_(max)(ng/ml) 17.3 +/− 21.9 38.1 +/− 37.8 60.6 +/− 72.5 T_(max) (hr) 1.5 +/−0.8 2.3 +/− 1.4 1.7 +/− 0.6 AUC₀₋₁₀ (ngxhr/ml) 43.4 +/− 30.8 101.2 +/−66.0  175.7 +/− 170.3

In particular illustrative aspects and embodiments of this invention, itis possible, though not necessary, to reduce the standard deviations inone or more of these PK parameters.

More uniform dissolution of progesterone in a formulation of the presentdisclosure compared to the dissolution of PROMETRIUM at equal dosagestrengths and using the same USP apparatus can be determined usingstandard techniques established for API dissolution testing, includingthat which is described in the examples below.

Reduced intra- and inter-patient variability of progesterone formulatedpursuant to the present disclosure compared to PROMETRIUM can bedemonstrated via a fed bio-study such as that described below.

Other aspects of the present disclosure include the use of formulationsas described herein wherein progesterone is at least one API in saidformulation for the treatment of an animal, especially a mammal,including humans: for endometrial hyperplasia; for secondary amenorrhea;as a method of treatment for preterm birth, when said animal has ashortened cervix, and other disease states or conditions treated withsupplemental progesterone (collectively, “Progesterone-deficientStates”) in a subject in need of treatment, and with a non-toxiceffective amount of said formulations. As used herein, the term“treatment”, or a derivative thereof, contemplates partial or completeinhibition of the stated disease state when a formulation as describedherein is administered prophylactically or following the onset of thedisease state for which such formulation is administered. For thepurposes of the present disclosure, “prophylaxis” refers toadministration of the active ingredient(s) to an animal especially amammal, to protect the animal from any of the disorders set forthherein, as well as others.

Exemplary dosage strengths for progesterone for use in the formulationsdescribed herein include, without limitation, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150,175, 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg, 350 mg and 400 mg.

Progesterone active pharmaceutical ingredient may be micronized via anyone of the multiple methods typically utilized by the ordinarily skilledartisan.

Particle size may be determined in any suitable manner. For example, aBeckman Coulter LS 13 320 Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer (the“Beckman Device”) may be used to determine particle size. Particle sizemay be represented by various metrics, for example, through an X50particle size, and/or X90 particle size, or similar descriptions ofparticle size.

The Beckman Device may be used with various modules for introducing asample for analysis. The Beckman Device may be used with the LS 13 320Universal Liquid Module (“ULM”). The ULM is capable of suspendingsamples in the size range of 0.017 μm to 2000 nm. The ULM is a liquidbased module that allows for delivery of the sample to the sensing zone.The ULM recirculates the sample through the Beckman Device. The ULMcomprises two hoses, one for fluid delivery and another for waste. Thetotal volume used may be 125 mL or less. A sample mass of from about 1mg to about 10 g may be used. The ULM may interact with the BeckmanDevice via pins that fit into slots on the ULM. The ULM may use avariety of suspension fluids, for example, water, butonol, ethanol,chloroform, heptanes, toluene, propanol, COULTER Type 1B Dispersant(“Coulter 1B”), and a variety of other suspension fluids. Surfactantsmay also be used, though pump speed should be adjusted to preventexcessive bubbling. Coulter 1B may comprise one or more of acetaldehyde,ethylene oxide, and/or 1,4-dioxane. The Beckman Device may be configuredto use a variety of optical theories, including the Fraunhofer opticalmodel and the Mie Theory.

The Beckman Device may comprise software to control the Beckman Devicewhile the ULM is in use. The software may control, for example, pumpspeed, use of de-bubble routine, rinse routine, sonicate routine, andfill routine, among others. Parameters regarding the sample run may alsobe configured. For example, run length may be set. Though any suitablerun length may be used, in various embodiments, a time period of 30seconds to 120 seconds, and preferably between 30 seconds and 90 secondsmay be used.

The Beckman Device may be used with the LS 13 320 Micro Liquid Module(“MLM”). The MLM is capable of suspending samples in the size range of0.4 μm to 2000 μm. The MLM is a liquid based module that allows fordelivery of the sample to the sensing zone. The MLM includes a stirrer.The total volume used may be 12 mL or less. The MLM may use a variety ofsuspension fluids, both aqueous and non-aqueous.

In various embodiments, ultra-micronized progesterone has an X50 valueof less than about 15 microns, less than about 10 microns, less thanabout 5 microns and/or less than about 3 microns; and an X90 value ofless than about 25 microns, less than about 20 microns, and/or less thanabout 15 microns.

In various embodiments, ultra-micronized progesterone is formulated withpeanut and peanut-oil free excipients.

In various embodiments, the carrier is selected to enhance dissolutionand suspension properties of progesterone. In further variousembodiments, the carrier is selected to enhance absorption of the API bycells of a mammal. For example, certain carriers may be selected toenhance absorption of the other formulation components, including theAPI. Absorption may comprise absorption into any cell and particularlyabsorption into digestive system cells, such as intestinal cells, andcells of the female reproductive system, such as the vagina and thecervix. Selected mono/di/triglyercides are particularly suited to aid incellular absorption

In various embodiments, the carrier may comprise medium chain fattyacids. Suitable carriers include caproic fatty acid; caprylic fattyacid; capric fatty acid; lauric acid; myristic acid; linoleic acid;succinic acid; glycerin; propylene glycol; caprylic/caprictriglycerides; caproic/caprylic/capric/lauric triglycerides;caprylic/capric/linoleic triglycerides; caprylic/capric/succinictriglycerides; polyethylene glycol; propylene glycoldicaprylate/dicaprate; and combinations and derivatives thereof.

Suitable carriers further include esters of saturated coconut and palmkernel oil and derivatives thereof, including fractionated coconut oilsand palm kernel oils thereof; and triglycerides of fractionatedvegetable fatty acids, and derivatives thereof and combinations thereof.In further various embodiments, the carrier may comprise one or moremonoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and combinations thereofsuch a suitable carrier is available commercially under the trademarkMIGLYOL (caprylic/capric triglyceride) (Sasol Germany, GmbH). MIGLYOLproducts comprise esters of saturated coconut and palm kerneloil-derived caprylic and capric fatty acids, glycerin and/or propyleneglycol. Suitable MIGLYOL products include MIGLYOL 810 (Caprylic/CapricTriglyceride) MIGLYOL 812 (Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride), MIGLYOL 818(Caprylic/Capric/Linoleic Triglyceride) and MIGLYOL 829(Caprylic/Capric/Succinic Triglyceride).

Additional examples include a polyethylene glycol glyceride (Gelucire®;GATTEFOSSE SAS, Saint-Priest, France); a propylene glycol; acaproic/caprylic/capric/lauric triglyceride; a caprylic/capric/linoleictriglyceride; a caprylic/capric/succinic triglyceride; propylene glycolmonocaprylate; propylene glycol monocaprate; (Capmul® PG-8 and 10; theCAPMUL brands are owned by ABITEC, Columbus Ohio); propylene glycoldicaprylate; propylene glycol dicaprylate; medium chain mono- anddi-glycerides (CAPMUL MCM); a diethylene glycol mono ester (including2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol:Transcutol); diethylene glycol monoethylether; esters of saturated coconut and palm kernel oil and derivativesthereof; triglycerides of fractionated vegetable fatty acids, andcombinations and derivatives thereof. In other aspects and embodiments,progesterone is fully solubilized using, for example and withoutlimitation, sufficient amounts of: TRANSCUTOL (Diethylene glycolmonoethyl ether) and MIGLYOL; TRANSCUTOL, MIGLYOL and CAPMUL PG-8(Propylene Glycol Monocaprylate) and/or CAPMUL PG-10 (Propylene GlycolMonocaprate); CAPMUL MCM (Medium Chain Mono- and Diglycerides); CAPMULMCM and a non-ionic surfactant; and CAPMUL MCM and GELUCIRE (apolyethylene glycol glyceride).

Various ratios of these oils can be used for suspension and/orsolubilization of progesterone. CAPMUL MCM and a non-ionic surfactant,e.g., GELUCIRE 44/14 (Lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides EP Lauroylpolyoxyl-32 glycerides NF Lauroyl polyoxylglycerides (USA FDA IIG)), canbe used at ratios of about 99:1 to 2:1, including, for example andwithout limitation: 60:40, 65:35, 70:30, 75:25, 80:10, 80:15, 85:20,90:10, and 98:1. The ratios of oil (e.g., medium chain fatty acid estersof monoglycerides and diglycerides) to non-ionic surfactant can besignificantly higher. For example, in certain examples, below, CAPMULMCM and GELUCIRE were used in ratios of up to about 65:1, e.g., 8:1,22:1, 49:1, 65:1 and 66:1. Thus, useful ratios can be, e.g., 8:1 orgreater, e.g., 60 to 70:1.

Combinations of these oils can produce partially solubilizedprogesterone, depending upon the desired unit dosage amount ofprogesterone. The greater the amount of progesterone per unit dosageform, the less progesterone may be solubilized. The upward limit ofdosage strength per unit dose it generally limited only by the practicalsize of the final dosage form.

In illustrative embodiments, oils used to suspend, partially solubilize,or fully solubilize progesterone include medium chain fatty acid esters,(e.g., esters of glycerol, polyethylene glycol, or propylene glycol) andmixtures thereof. In illustrative embodiments, the medium chain fattyacids are C6 to C14 or C6 to C12 fatty acids. In illustrativeembodiments, the medium chain fatty acids are saturated, orpredominantly saturated, e.g., greater than about 60% or greater thanabout 75% saturated. In illustrative embodiments, progesterone issoluble in the oils at room temperature, although it may be desirable towarm certain oils initially during manufacture to improve viscosity. Inillustrative embodiments, the oil or oil/surfactant is liquid at betweenroom temperature and about 50° C., e.g., at or below 50° C., at or below40° C., or at or below 50° C. In illustrative embodiments, GELUCIRE44/14 is heated to about 65° C. and CAPMUL MCM is heated to about 40° C.to facilitate mixing of the oil and non-ionic surfactant, although suchheating is not necessary to dissolve the estradiol or progesterone.

In illustrative embodiments, the solubility of estradiol in the oil (oroil/surfactant) is at least about 0.5 wt %, e.g., 0.8 wt % or higher, or1.0 wt % or higher. Illustrative examples of mono- and diglycerides ofmedium chain fatty acids include, among others, CAPMUL MCM, CAPMUL MCMC10 (Glyceryl Monocaprate), CAPMUL MCM C8 (Glyceryl Monocaprylate), andCAPMUL MCM C8 EP (Glyceryl Monocaprylate). These oils are C8 and C10fatty acid mono- and diglycerides. Illustrative examples of oils thatare triglycerides of medium chain fatty acids include, among others,MIGLYOL 810 and MIGLYOL 812.

Illustrative examples of oils that are medium chain fatty acid esters ofpropylene glycol include, among others, CAPMUL PG-8, CAPMUL PG-2L EP/NF(Propylene Glycol Dilaurate), CAPMUL PG-8 NF (Propylene GlycolMonocaprylate), CAPMUL PG-12 EP/NF (Propylene Glycol Monolaurate) andCAPRYOL (Propylene glycol monocaprylate (type II) NF). Otherillustrative examples include MIGLYOL 840 (Propylene GlycolDicaprylate/Dicaprate).

Illustrative examples of oils that are medium chain fatty acid esters ofpolyethylene glycol include, among others, GELUCIRE 44/14 (PEG-32glyceryl laurate EP), which is polyethylene glycol glycerides composedof mono-, di- and triglycerides and mono- and diesters of polyethyleneglycol. Without intending to be bound to any particular mechanism, itappears that at least in formulations comprising small amounts ofGELUCIRE, e.g., 10 wt % or less, the primary function of this oil is asa non-ionic surfactant.

These illustrative examples comprise predominantly medium chain length,saturated, fatty acids, specifically predominantly C8 to C12 saturatedfatty acids.

It will be understood that commercially available fatty acid esters ofglycerol and other glycols are often prepared from natural oils andtherefore may comprise components additional to the fatty acid estersthat comprise the predominant (by weight) component(s) and thattherefore are used to characterize the product. Such other componentsmay be, e.g., other fatty acid triglycerides, mono- and diesters, freeglycerol, or free fatty acids. So, for example, when an oil/solubilizingagent is described herein as a saturated C8 fatty acid mono- or diesterof glycerol, it will be understood that the predominant component of theoil, i.e., >50 wt % (e.g., >75 wt %, >85 wt % or >90 wt %) are caprylicmonoglycerides and caprylic diglycerides. For example, the TechnicalData Sheet by ABITEC for CAPMUL MCM C8 describes CAPMUL MCM C8 as beingcomposed of mono and diglycerides of medium chain fatty acids (mainlycaprylic) and describes the alkyl content as <=1% C6, >=95% C8, <=5%C10, and <=1.5% C12 and higher.

By way of further example, MIGLYOL 812 is generally described as aC8-C10 triglyceride because the fatty acid composition is at least about80% caprylic (C8) acid and capric (C10) acid. However, it can alsocomprise small amounts of other fatty acids, e.g., less than about 5% ofcaproic (C6) acid, lauric (C12) acid, and myristic (C14) acid.

Specifically, a product information sheet for MIGLYOL by SASOL providesthe composition of fatty acids as follows:

Tests 810 812 818 829 840 Caproic acid (C6:0) max. 2.0 max. 2.0 max. 2max. 2 max. 2 Caprylic acid (C8:0) 65.0-80.0 50.0-65.0 45-65 45-55 65-80Capric acid (C10:0) 20.0-35.0 30.0-45.0 30-45 30-40 20-35 Laurie acid(C12:0) max. 2 max. 2 max. 3 max. 3 max. 2 Myristic (C14:0) acid max.1.0 max. 1.0 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 Linoleic acid (C18:2) — — 2 -5 — —Succinic acid — — — 15-20 —

Where certain embodiment of this invention are described as comprising(or consisting essentially of) a capsule shell, estradiol solubilized inC8-C10 triglycerides, and a thickening agent, it will be understood thatthe fatty acid esters component of the formulation may be, e.g., MIGLYOL812 or a similar product.

By way of further illustration, GELUCIRE 44/14 is generally described aslauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerides, i.e., polyoxyethylene 32 lauricglycerides (which is a mixture of mono-, di-, and triesters of glyceroland mono- and diesters of PEGs) because the fatty acid composition is 30to 50% lauric acid and smaller amounts of other fatty acids, e.g., up to15% caprylic acid, up to 12% capric acid, up to 25% myristic acid, up to25% palmitic acid, and up to 35% stearic acid. The product may alsocontain small amounts of non-esterified glycols. Where certainembodiment of this invention are described as comprising (or consistingessentially of) a capsule shell, estradiol solubilized in triglycerides,and a thickening agent that is a non-ionic surfactant comprising C8 toC18 fatty acid esters of glycerol and polyethylene glycol, it will beunderstood that the thickening agent component of the formulation maybe, e.g., GELUCIRE 44/14 or a similar product.

Similarly, where certain embodiment of this invention are described ascomprising (or consisting essentially of) a capsule shell, estradiolsolubilized in triglycerides, and a thickening agent that is a non-ionicsurfactant comprising PEG-6 stearate, ethylene glycol palmitostearate,and PEG-32 stearate, it will be understood that the thickening agentcomponent of the formulation may be, e.g., TEFOSE 63 (PEG-6palmitostearate and ethylene glycol palmitostearate) or a similarproduct.

In illustrative embodiments of the invention, the selected oil does notrequire excessive heating in order to solubilize progesterone. Forexample, when the formulation comprises medium chain fatty acid mono-and diglycerides (e.g., CAPMUL MCM) and polyethylene glycol glycerides(e.g., GELUCIRE) as a surfactant, the oil and/or the surfactant can bewarmed up, e.g., to about 65 C in the case of the surfactant and less inthe case of the oil, to facilitate mixing of the oil and surfactant. Theprogesterone can be added as the mixture cools, e.g., to below about 40C or to below about 30 C, even down to room temperature.

In certain embodiments, an anionic and/or a non-ionic surfactant isused. Exemplary non-ionic surfactants may include one or more ofglycerol and polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, for example,lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides and/or lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerides,commercially available as GELUCIRE, including, for example, GELUCIRE44/11 and GELUCIRE 44/14. These surfactants may be used atconcentrations greater than about 0.01%, and typically in variousamounts of about 0.01%-10.0%, 10.1%-20%, and 20.1%-30%. In certainexamples, below, GELUCIRE 44/14 is used as a surfactant in amounts of 1to 10 wt %. See, Tables below. Other non-ionic surfactants include,e.g., LABRASOL (Caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides EP Caprylocaproylpolyoxyl-8 glycerides NF PEG-8 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides (USA FDAIIG))(Gattefosse) and LABARAFIL (corn/apricot oil PEG-6 esters)(Gattefosse).

In various embodiments, a lubricant is used. Any suitable lubricant maybe used, such as, for example and without limitation, lecithin, and invarious embodiments, a mixture of polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) esters,glycerides, and PEG, such as is commercially available under the tradename GELUCIRE (Gattefosse, FR) may also be used as a lubricant. Suitablelubricants may also comprise calcium stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyllaureate, glycerin, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated vegetableoil, magnesium, oxide, magnesium stearate, poloxamer, glycols, andphospholipid mixtures. In particular, a mixture of polyethylene glycolesters, glycerides, and PEG such as GELUCIRE 44/14, may be used as alubricant. GELUCIRE 44/14 is a non-ionic water dispersible surfactant,also known as lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides EP and lauroyl polyoxyl-32glycerides NF. In various embodiments, GELUCIRE 44/14 acts as asuspension agent.

In various embodiments, an antioxidant is used. Any suitable antioxidantmay be used, such as, for example and without limitation, butylatedhydroxytoluene. Butylated hydroxytoluene, a derivative of phenol, islipophilic and is thus suited to being intermixed with ultra-micronizedprogesterone and carriers disclosed or contemplated herein.

For example, in various embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulationcomprises about 20% to about 80% carrier by weight, about 0.1% to about5% lubricant by weight, and about 0.01% to about 0.1% antioxidant byweight.

The choice of excipient will, to a large extent, depend on factors suchas the particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient onsolubility and stability, and the nature of the dosage form. Excipientsused in various embodiments may include colorants, flavoring agents,preservatives and taste-masking agents. Colorants, for example, maycomprise about 0.1% to about 2% by weight. Preservatives may comprisemethyl and propyl paraben, for example, in a ratio of about 10:1, and ata proportion of about 0.005% and 0.05% by weight.

As is with all oils, solubilizers, excipients and any other additivesused in the formulations described herein, each is to be non-toxic andpharmaceutically acceptable.

As referenced above, the formulations of the present disclosure aregenerally orally administered, typically via, for example, capsules suchas soft capsules. The present formulations can also be used to formtransdermal patches using standard technology known in the art.Solubilized formulations of the present invention can also be formulatedfor intraperitoneal administration using techniques well known in theart.

Thus, an illustrative embodiment of a pharmaceutical composition of theinvention comprises progesterone, at least 75% of the progesterone beingsolubilized (the balance being micronized as discussed elsewhereherein), and an oil, wherein the oil is medium chain fatty acid mono-and diesters of one or more glycols, with or without surfactant. Incertain embodiments, a specification for progesterone is set at >80%solubilized, <20% micronized or >85% solubilized, <15% micronized.

Pharmaceutical formulations in accordance with various embodimentscomprise ultra-micronized progesterone. In further embodiments, apharmaceutical formulation comprises ultra-micronized progesterone, acarrier, and a lubricant. In still further embodiments a pharmaceuticalformulation comprises ultra-micronized progesterone, a carrier, alubricant, and optionally an antioxidant. In still further embodiments,a pharmaceutical formulation comprises ultra-micronized progesterone,and a medium chain triglyceride as a carrier. In still furtherembodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises ultra-micronizedprogesterone, and monoglycerides/diglycerides/triglycerides ofcaprylic/capric acid as a carrier. Various further embodiments alsocomprise lecithin and optionally butylated hydroxytoluene.

In additional embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprisesultra-micronized progesterone and at least one carrier, a lubricant,optionally an antioxidant, and other pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients. For example, in various embodiments, a pharmaceuticalformulation comprises about 20% to about 80% carrier by weight, about0.1% to about 5% lubricant by weight, and about 0.01% to about 0.1%antioxidant by weight.

The choice of excipient will, to a large extent, depend on factors suchas the particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient onsolubility and stability, and the nature of the dosage form. Excipientsused in various embodiments may include colorants, flavoring agents,preservatives and taste-masking agents. Colorants, for example, maycomprise about 0.1% to about 2% by weight. Preservatives may comprisemethyl and propyl paraben, for example, in a ratio of about 10:1, and ata proportion of about 0.005% and 0.05% by weight.

Formulations in accordance with various embodiments may be administeredalone or combination with one or more other drugs (or as any combinationthereof). For example, formulations in accordance with variousembodiments may also comprise estradiol.

In various embodiments, ultra-micronized progesterone is administered ina capsule. Capsules may be prepared using one or more film formingpolymers. Suitable film forming polymers include natural polymers, suchas gelatin, and synthetic film forming polymers, such as modifiedcelluloses. Suitable modified celluloses include, but are not limitedto, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, methyl cellulose.

Hard or soft shell capsules can be used to administer the API. Incertain embodiments, capsules may be prepared by forming the two capsulehalves, filling one of the halves with the fill solution, and thensealing the capsule halves together to form the finished capsule.

Hard shell capsules may be prepared by combining the “Body” and the“Cap”. The “Body” of the capsule is filled with the “fill mass” and thenclosed with the “Cap”. The “Body”/“Cap” interface is then sealed/banded.

Soft gelatin capsules may be prepared using a rotary die encapsulationprocess, as further described below.

Suitable shell additives, for either a hard or soft shell capsules, mayinclude plasticizers, opacifiers, colorants, humectants, preservatives,flavorings, and buffering salts and acids, and combinations thereof. Themain ingredients of the capsule shell is primarily gelatin (or a gelatinsubstitute for non-gelatin capsules), plasticizer, and purified water.Hard shell and soft shell capsules differ primarily in the amount ofplasticizer present that is used in the capsule shell.

Plasticizers are chemical agents added to gelatin to make the materialsofter and more flexible. Suitable plasticizers include, but are notlimited to, glycerin, sorbitol solutions which are mixtures of sorbitoland sorbitan, and other polyhydric alcohols such as propylene glycol andmaltitol or combinations thereof.

Opacifiers are used to opacify the capsule shell when the encapsulatedactive agents are light-sensitive. Suitable opacifiers include titaniumdioxide, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate and combinations thereof.

Colorants can be used for marketing and productidentification/differentiation purposes. Suitable colorants includesynthetic and natural dyes and combinations thereof.

Flavorings can be used to mask unpleasant odors and tastes of fillformulations. Suitable flavorings include synthetic and naturalflavorings. The use of flavorings can be problematic due to the presenceof aldehydes which can cross-link gelatin. As a result, buffering saltsand acids can be used in conjunction with flavorings that containaldehydes in order to minimize cross-linking of the gelatin.

In accordance with various embodiments, a softgel dosage form is used.

A softgel comprises two primary phases: a gel capsule and a fillmaterial. The softgel may comprise a gelatin material in a relativelysolid or stiff form. The softgel may define an inner volume that maycontain the fill material. Dissolution of the softgel may commence atvarious points, such as along the digestive tract (mouth, esophagus,stomach and intestines), or other body cavities, such as the vaginalcavity.

As the softgel dissolves, the inner volume may come into fluidcommunication with the digestive system, allowing the fill material toleach outside the softgel. A softgel may also be punctured, cut, orotherwise opened outside a body. The fill material may then be poured orsqueezed outside the gel capsule and applied on or in the body, such aswithin the vaginal cavity.

Humectants can be used to suppress the water activity of the softgel.Suitable humectants include glycerin and sorbitol, which are oftencomponents of the plasticizer composition. Due to the low water activityof dried, properly stored softgels, the greatest risk frommicroorganisms comes from molds and yeasts. For this reason,preservatives can be incorporated into the capsule shell. Suitablepreservatives include alkyl esters of p-hydroxy benzoic acid such asmethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and heptyl esters (collectively known as“parabens”) or combinations thereof.

The fill material may comprise a liquid, such as an oil, a solution, asuspension, or other acceptable forms. The active ingredient or activeingredient may be contained within the liquid.

Formulations in accordance with various embodiments may be administeredorally. Oral administration may involve swallowing, so that the compoundenters the gastrointestinal tract, or buccal or sublingualadministration may be employed by which the compound enters the bloodstream directly from the mouth.

Ultra-micronized progesterone in accordance with various embodiments maybe formulated as a vaginal suppository or vaginal cream foradministration onto the vulva or into the vagina, cervix, or uterus of ahuman. Capsules (e.g., softgels) containing ultra-micronizedprogesterone also may be administered vaginally, including insertion ofa capsule directly into the vaginal cavity or delivery of such capsulecontents into the vaginal cavity. Ultra-micronized progesterone, inaccordance with various embodiments, may be formulated forintraperitoneal administration, and atomization, such as with nasal mistadministration.

In accordance with various embodiments, enhanced bioavailability ofprogesterone is provided, such as over conventional progesteroneformulations wherein it is well known that commercially availableformulations of progesterone are poorly or inconsistently absorbed.While not bound by theory, the elements of the present formulationprovide the enhanced performance characteristics as further describedherein, including, for example and without limitation, improvedbioavailability and the potential to be able to reduce the administereddosage strength compared to presently available progesteroneformulations. Bioavailability comparisons to commercially availableforms, such as tablet forms, may be determined by standardpharmacokinetic techniques

In accordance with various embodiments, food effects are reduced, e.g.,relative to comparative progesterone products.

In accordance with various embodiments, formulations do not includepeanut oil. The lack of peanut oil obviates the risk posed to thosehaving peanut-based allergies.

Capsules may be arranged in blisters or cartridges or bottles.

According to various embodiments, a 28-day or monthly regimen ofcapsules can be packaged in a single kit (e.g., a blister pack) havingdelivery days identified to improve compliance and reduce associatedsymptoms, among others. One or more of the capsules may contain noestradiol, for example, and/or no progesterone. Capsules that compriseno API or hormone (e.g., progesterone) may be referred to as placebos. Ablister pack can have a plurality of scores or perforations separatingblister pack into 28 days. Each day may further comprise a singleblister or a plurality of blisters. In various embodiments, each dose(e.g., each softgel) may contain ultra-micronized progesterone inamounts of 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, and 250 mg, though other dose rangesare contemplated herein. In addition, kits having other configurationsare also contemplated herein. For example, without limitation, kitshaving such blister packs may contain any number of capsules.

Formulations in accordance with various embodiments may be used to treator prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women, including in certainwomen having a shortened cervix. In various embodiments, a capsule, forexample a softgel capsule, may be opened and the fill material appliedin or around the vagina. However, in various embodiments the capsulesare taken orally.

Formulations in accordance with various embodiments may be used to treator prevent endometrial hyperplasia.

Formulations in accordance with various embodiments may be used to treator prevent secondary amenorrhea.

Formulations in accordance with various embodiments may be used tomitigate or treat the effects of estradiol supplementation. Inparticular, formulations in accordance with various embodiments may beco-administered with estradiol and/or co-formulated with estradiol.

Formulations in accordance with various embodiments may be used to treatmenopause-related symptoms, including vasomotor symptoms, for example,in relation to treatment of hypoestrogenism related symptoms includinghot flashes and night sweats (vasomotor symptoms), sleep disturbances,mood changes, vulvo-vaginal atrophy; and osteoporosis and endometrialhyperplasia reduction.

Additional objects of the present disclosure include: providingincreased patient compliance secondary to ease of use; providingincreased physician adoption secondary to ease of use/instruction withless worry of side effects from inappropriate usage; providing decreasedside-effects from erroneous use (decreased irregular bleeding);providing better efficacy/control of symptoms secondary to appropriateuse; reducing the metabolic and vascular side effects of the commonlyused synthetic progestins when administered alone or in combination withan estrogen (norethindrone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, etc.)including, for example, stroke, heart attacks, blood clots and breastcancer.

Specific Embodiments

Through extensive trial-and-error testing of various fatty acid estersof glycerol and other glycols, embodiments of the invention have beeninvented that have one or more favorable characteristics for developmentas a human drug product. Such favorable characteristics include thosedescribed above, e.g., improved PK and reduced variability.

Such embodiments include an encapsulated liquid pharmaceuticalformulation for orally administering progesterone to a mammal in needthereof, said formulation comprising: progesterone, as the sole activepharmaceutical ingredient, in micronized form suspended in a carrierthat comprises a medium chain fatty acid-glycol ester or mixturesthereof and a non-ionic surfactant comprising a polyethylene glycolfatty acid ester.

A more specific such embodiment is such formulation wherein theprogesterone is ultramicronized.

In certain such embodiments, the progesterone is suspended and/orsolubilized in one or more C6 to C12 fatty acid mono-, di-, or triestersof glycerol, e.g., one or more C6 to C14 triglycerides, e.g., one ormore C6 to C12 triglycerides, such as one or more C8-C10 triglycerides.An example of a carrier that provides beneficial properties is C8, C10,or C8 and C10 saturated triglycerides, such as but not limited toMIGLYOL, e.g., MIGLYOL 812.

In such general and more specific embodiments, the non-ionic surfactantis a polyethylene glycol saturated or unsaturated fatty acid ester ordiester. In certain such embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant comprisesC8 to C18 fatty acid esters of glycerol and polyethylene glycol. Anexample of a non-ionic surfactant that provides beneficial properties isGELUCIRE, e.g., GELUCIRE 44/14.

In certain such embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant has a HLB value ofabout 15. An illustrative example of such surfactant is GELUCIRE 44/14.

As noted above, such formulations are liquid at room temperature, notgels, hard fats, or any other solid form. The non-ionic surfactantserves to increase viscosity. In some such embodiments, the non-ionicsurfactant, e.g., GELUCIRE or TEFOSE, may be solid at room temperatureand require melting to effect mixing with the estradiol solubilized infatty acid-glycol esters but the resultant formulation is advantageouslyliquid, not solid.

The formulation of such embodiments is typically encapsulated in a softgelatin capsule or other soft capsule.

Typically, such formulations do not comprise a bioadhesive (i.e.,muco-adhesive) agent, a gelling agent, or a dispersing agent, or, atleast, do not comprise one or two of such components.

In more specific such formulations, the capsule shell, the activepharmaceutical ingredient, the fatty acid esters and the non-ionicsurfactant are the only essential ingredients. Non-essentialingredients, e.g., colorants, antioxidants or other preservatives, etc.,may, of course, be included but other ingredients in amounts that wouldmaterially change the solubility of the progesterone, the PK of theencapsulated formulation, or other clinically relevant properties, e.g.,other oils or fatty acid esters, lecithin, muco-adherent agents, gellingagents, dispersing agents, or the like would not be included. Suchembodiments of the invention may be described as consisting essentiallyof the capsule shell, the active pharmaceutical ingredient, the fattyacid esters and the non-ionic surfactant, as described in theimmediately preceding paragraphs describing illustrative embodimentsdiscovered to have favorable characteristics.

As an example of such embodiments discovered to have such favorablecharacteristics is mentioned the product identified in Example 2, Table3, below.

EXAMPLES Example 1

In an exemplary embodiment, a capsule is provided containing a fillmaterial comprising:

TABLE 2 mg/ Ingredient Capsule % Function Ultra-micronized Progesterone200.00 30.77 Active Medium Chain Triglyceride qs qs Carrier (MIGLYOL 812or equivalent) Lecithin Liquid 1.63 0.25 Lubricant/Emulsifier ButylatedHydroxytoluene 0.13 0.02 Antioxidant (also referred to as “BHT”)

The above formulation is prepared as follows: MIGLYOL is heated to about45° C. GELUCIRE 44/14 is added and mixed until dissolved. BHT is addedand mixed until dissolved. Progesterone is suspended and passed througha colloid mill. The resultant fill mass can be used for encapsulation.

Example 2

In an exemplary embodiment, a capsule is provided containing a fillmaterial comprising:

TABLE 3 mg/ Ingredient % Capsule Function 1. Ultra-micronizedProgesterone 30.77 200.00 Active 2. Medium Chain Triglyceride 65.93428.55 Carrier (MIGLYOL 812 or equivalent) 3. Lauroylpolyoxyl-32-glycerides 3.00 19.50 Suspending Agent (GELUCIRE 44/14 orequivalent) 4. Butylated Hydroxytoluene 0.03 1.95 Antioxidant Total 100650

In various embodiments, amounts of MIGLYOL may be present in a rangefrom about 35-95% by weight; GELUCIRE 44/14 from about 0.5-30% byweight; and BHT from about 0.01-0.1% by weight.

Example 3

Progesterone Solubility

In various embodiments, both estradiol and progesterone may be dissolvedin a solvent. In various embodiments, the solubility of both estradioland progesterone will be such that a therapeutically effective dose maybe obtained in a reasonably sized mass, generally considered to bebetween 1 mg and 1200 mg, preferably suitable for encapsulation in asize 3 to 22 oval or oblong capsule. For example, in variousembodiments, 50 mg to 100 mg of progesterone may be dissolved in avolume of solvent; i.e., the solubility would be 50 mg to 100 mg percapsule. MIGLYOL was attempted, and while it can be considered a goodcarrier for progesterone, it alone did not provide a desirable level ofsolubilization of estradiol (e.g., solubility of 12 mg/g may bedesirable in various embodiments). Thus, MIGLYOL, including withoutlimitation MIGLYOL 812, may be used in embodiments comprising asuspension of progesterone.

As can be seen in Table 9, the solubility of progesterone in CAPMUL MCMis ˜73 mg/g. Therefore, by suspending 200 mg progesterone in 400 mg ofsolvent, part of the dose (˜14%) is already dissolved and the remainingis still a suspension. In some aspects and embodiments, it is desired tominimize the partial solubility of progesterone in the formulation inorder to minimize the possibility of recrystallization.

Based on 73 mg/g solubility, the capsule size required to make a capsuleof 50 mg solubilized progesterone would be 685 mg.

TABLE 4 Progesterone Solubility Ingredient (mg/g) CAPMUL MCM 73.4 CAPMULPG8 95 MIGLYOL 812 27.8 CAPMUL MCM: 86.4 GELUCIRE 44/14 (9:1) CAPMULMCM: 70.5 GELUCIRE 44/14 (7:3) CAPMUL MCM: 57.4 GELUCIRE 44/14 (6:3)

In addition, it has been found that the solubility of progesterone in asolvent of CAPMUL MCM in combination with GELUCIRE 44/14 in a 9:1 ratioincreases the solubility to approximately 86 mg/g. Therefore, in variousembodiments, progesterone and/or estradiol may be dissolved in a CAPMULMCM and GELUCIRE 44/14 system, wherein the ratio of CAPMUL MCM toGELUCIRE 44/14 is 9:1.

TABLE 5 Progesterone Solubility Ingredient (mg/g) CAPMUL MCM:GELUCIRE44/14 (9:1) 86.4 CAPMUL MCM:GELUCIRE 44/14 (7:3) 70.5 CAPMULMCM:GELUCIRE 44/14 (6:4) 57.4

Example 4

In an exemplary embodiment, a capsule is provided containing a fillmaterial having suspended progesterone comprising:

TABLE 6 mg/ Ingredient Capsule % Function Micronized Progesterone 200.0030.77 Active Medium Chain Triglyceride qs qs Carrier (MIGLYOL 812 orequivalent) Lecithin Liquid 1.63 0.25 Lubricant/Emulsifier ButylatedHydroxytoluene 0.13 0.02 Antioxidant (also referred to as “BHT”)

The above formulation is prepared as follows: MIGLYOL is heated to about45° C. GELUCIRE 44/14 is added and mixed until dissolved. BHT is addedand mixed until dissolved. Progesterone is suspended and passed througha colloid mill. The resultant fill mass can be used for encapsulation.

In an exemplary embodiment, a capsule is provided containing a fillmaterial having partially solubilized progesterone comprising:

TABLE 7 Qty/ Qty/ Amount/ Capsule % Capsule Batch Ingredient (mg) w/w(mg) (kg) Micronized Progesterone, USP 200.00 33.33 Active 2.0Monoglycerides/diglycerides/ 394.0 65.67 Carrier 3.94 triglycerides ofcaprylic/capric acid (CAPMUL MCM) Lauroyl polyoxyl-32-glycerides 6.0 1Lubricant/ 0.06 (GELUCIRE 44/14 or Emulsifier equivalent) Total 600.00mg 100 6.0 kg

For suspensions of progesterone and partially solubilized progesterone,GELUCIRE 44/14 may be added at 1% to 2% w/w to increase viscosity. Theabove formulation is prepared as follows: CAPMUL MCM is heated to about65° C. GELUCIRE 44/14 is added and mixed until dissolved. Heat isremoved. Progesterone is added and the mixture is passed through acolloid mill. The resultant fill mass can be used for encapsulation.

Example 5

In an exemplary embodiment, a capsule is provided containing a fillmaterial having suspended progesterone comprising:

TABLE 8 mg/ Ingredient % Capsule Function Micronized Progesterone 30.77200.00 Active Medium Chain Triglyceride 65.93 428.55 Carrier (MIGLYOL812 or equivalent) Lauroyl polyoxyl-32-glycerides 3.00 19.50 Suspending(GELUCIRE 44/14 or equivalent) Agent Butylated Hydroxytoluene 0.03 1.95Antioxidant Total 100 650

In various embodiments, amounts of MIGLYOL may be present in a rangefrom about 35-95% by weight; GELUCIRE 44/14 from about 0.5-30% byweight; and BHT from about 0.01-0.1% by weight.

Example 6

Bioavailability Assessment—Fasted

A randomized single-dose oral bioequivalence study comparing 200 mgultra-micronized progesterone capsule test product (T) and 200 mgPROMETRIUM® (progesterone) capsules (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park,Ill.) reference product (R) is conducted. Subjects are administered asingle 200 mg dose of either test product (T) or the reference product(R) under fasting conditions, for example, subjects fasted at least 10.0hours prior to dosing. Blood is collected pre-dose and post-dose.Pre-dose samples are collected at approximately −01.00, −00.50, and00.00 hours. Post-dose samples are collected at approximately 01.00,02.00, 03.00, 04.00, 05.00, 06.00, 07.00, 08.00, 09.00, 10.00, 12.00,18.00, 24.00, 36.00 and 48.00 hours. Standard meals are provided at04.00, 09.00, 13.00, 25.00, 29.00, 33.00 and 37.00 hours post-dose.

Pharmacokinetic measurements are assessed including C_(max), AUC andoptionally T_(max). Comparative bioavailability of the test product (T)and reference product are assessed.

Example 7

Bioavailability Assessment—Fed

The procedures for determining bioavailability under fasted conditionsare repeated except that subjects are administered a single 200 mg doseof either test product (T) or reference product (R) immediatelyfollowing a high fat meal, for example, within 30 minutes of dosing.Blood is collected pre-dose and post-dose. Pre-dose samples arecollected at approximately −01.00, −00.50, and 00.00 hours. Post-dosesamples are collected at approximately 01.00, 02.00, 03.00, 04.00,05.00, 06.00, 07.00, 08.00, 09.00, 10.00, 12.00, 18.00, 24.00, 36.00 and48.00 hours. Standard meals are provided at 04.00, 09.00, 13.00, 25.00,29.00, 33.00 and 37.00 hours post-dose. Pharmacokinetic measurements areassessed including C_(max), AUC and optionally T_(max). Bioavailabilityof the test product (T) in reference to the reference product isassessed. The effect of food on the comparative bioavailability of thetest product (T) and the reference product (R) are also assessed.

Example 8

Method of manufacture in accordance with various embodiments are shownin FIGS. 1-3. With reference to FIG. 1, method of fill material, i.e.fill mass, preparation 100 is shown. Step 102 comprises mixing acarrier, a lubricant, and an antioxidant as described herein. Forexample, lecithin and butylated hydroxytoluene may be mixed with one ormore medium chain mono-, di- or triglycerides, or combinations thereofmixing may be facilitated by an impellor, agitator, or other suitablemeans. Step 102 may be performed under an inert or relatively inert gasatmosphere, such as nitrogen gas N₂. Mixing may be performed in anysuitable vessel, such as a stainless steel vessel.

Step 104 may comprise mixing ultra-micronized progesterone into themixture of the carrier, the lubricant, and the antioxidant. A pastysubstance is thus formed. Mixing may occur in a steel tank or vat.Mixing may be facilitated by an impellor, agitator, or other suitablemeans. Step 104 may be performed under an inert or relatively inert gasatmosphere, such as nitrogen gas N₂. Step 106 comprises degasing. Theresulting mixture from step 106 may comprise a fill material suitablefor production into a softgel capsule.

With reference to FIG. 2, softgel capsule, i.e. gel mass, production 200is shown. Step 202 comprises mixing glyercin with water. The water usedin step 202 may be purified by any suitable means, such as reverseosmosis, ozonation, filtration (e.g., through a carbon column) or thelike. Mixing may be facilitated by an impellor, agitator, or othersuitable means. Step 202 may be performed under an inert or relativelyinert gas atmosphere, such as nitrogen gas N₂. Heating may be performeduntil the temperature reaches 80°±5° C.

Step 204 comprises the addition of gelatin to the glycerin watermixture. Mixing may be facilitated by an impellor, agitator, or othersuitable means. Step 204 may be performed under an inert or relativelyinert gas atmosphere, such as nitrogen gas N₂. A vacuum may be drawn instep 204 to de-aerate.

Step 206 comprises addition of a coloring agent such as a dye. Acoloring agent may comprise products sold under the trademark OPATINT orother suitable agent. Step 206 may be performed under an inert orrelatively inert gas atmosphere, such as nitrogen gas N₂. Step 208comprises degasing. The resulting mixture from step 208 may comprise agel capsule material suitable for use as a gel capsule in production ofa softgel capsule.

With reference to FIG. 3, softgel capsule assembly process 300 is shown.Step 302 comprises heating the fill material. The fill material may beheated to any suitable temperature. In various embodiments, the fillmaterial is heated to 30° C.+/−3° C. Fill material maybe heated in afill hopper. A fill hopper may comprise a device configured to hold avolume of the fill material and/or to dispense the fill material incontrolled volumes.

Step 304 comprises filling a gel mass. A gel mass may be taken from thegel capsule material produced in step 208 of FIG. 2. Filling may beperformed by injecting, placing, or otherwise disposing the fillmaterial within a volume defined by the gel capsule material. Thefilling may occur in an encapsulator. The spreader boxes may be atemperature of 55° C.+/−10° C. The wedge temperature may be 38° C.+/−3°C. The drum cooling temperature may be 4° C.+/−2° C. The encapsulatormay be lubricated using MIGLYOL 812. Step 304 thus produces one or moresoftgel capsules. Filling may comprise producing a ribbon of thickness0.85±0.05 mm using spreader box knobs. The fill material may be injectedinto the gel to produce a fill weight having target weight ±5% (i.e.,650±33 mg and 325±16.3 mg).

Step 306 comprises drying the softgel capsules. Drying may be performedin a tumble dryer, tray dryer, or combinations thereof. For example,drying may be performed in a tumble drying basket for between about 10minutes and about 120 minutes. Drying may continue in a drying room forabout 24 hours to about 72 hours. Polishing may be performed withisopropyl alcohol.

Example 9

Stability Study

In accordance with various embodiments, formulations in accordance withvarious embodiments have an exemplary shelf life of 3 months withstorage at 25±2° C./60±5% RH in 75 cc HDPE white, opaque bottles with a38/400 mm white child resistant cap.

Packaging during testing comprises a 75 cc round HDPE bottle and 33 mmcap. A Brasken FPT 300F resin is associated with the cap. Testingcriteria include visual appearance, assay of progesterone, dissolution,content uniformity and microbial limits testing.

Three test groups are created. Test group 1 comprises a test at 40°C./75% RH. Test group 2 comprises a test at 30° C./65% RH. Test group 3comprises a test at 25° C./60% RH. Test group 1 is tested for visualappearance, assay of ultra-micronized progesterone, and dissolution atmonths 1, 2, 3, and 6. Test group 2 is tested for visual appearance,assay of ultra-micronized progesterone, and dissolution at months 0, 1,2, 3, 6, and 12. Test group 3 is tested for visual appearance, assay ofultra-micronized progesterone, and dissolution at months 0, 1, 2, 3, 6,12 and 24.

Example 10

A particle size analysis is conducted by using a Beckman Coulter LS 13320 Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer (the “Beckman Device”). TheBeckman Device uses laser diffraction to determine particle size. Asample of a formulation in accordance with various embodiments isprovided. The Beckman Device particle sensor yields that the sample hasan X50 of 6.67 μm, an X75 of 14.78 μm, and an X25 of 2.193 μm.

Example 11

A dissolution study was performed using a formulation in accordance withvarious embodiments. The results of the dissolution study are shown inFIG. 4.

The dissolution study was performed using a United States Pharmacopoeiadissolution apparatus 3 (reciprocating cylinder) (“USP Apparatus 3”).The USP Apparatus 3 was set to 30 dips per minute. Two hundred fifty mL(250 mL) of a solution of 1N HCL with 3% sodium lauryl sulfate was usedat 37° C.

FIG. 4 shows dissolution percentage in the y axis over time in minuteson the x axis. A formulation in accordance with various embodiments isshown having circular dots, and is labeled formulation 402. An existingcommercial pharmaceutical product containing progesterone is shownhaving square dots and is labeled existing product 404. As shown in FIG.4, formulation 402 reaches a higher level of dissolution in a shortertime than existing product 404.

Example 12

For the purposes of this Example, a particle size analysis is conductedby using the Beckman Device. A sample API comprising micronizedprogesterone in accordance with various embodiments is provided foranalysis.

Approximately 0.01 g of a sample API in accordance with variousembodiments was combined with Coulter 1B and 10 mL of deionized water.Sonication was performed for 15 seconds. The Beckman Device, equippedwith a ULM, performed analysis for 90 seconds. The Beckman Device wasconfigured to use the Fraunhofer optical model. The Beckman Deviceyielded that the sample has an X50 of 4.279 μm, an X75 of 7.442 μm, andan X25 of 1.590 μm. The Beckman Device also yielded that the meanparticle size is 4.975 μm, the median particle size is 4.279 μm, themode particle size is 6.453 μm, and the standard deviation is 3.956 μm.A graph of the particle distribution obtained is shown in FIG. 5.

Example 13

Study 352—Progesterone and Estradiol Combination Study under FedConditions. This following study protocol was used to establishbio-availability and bio-equivalence parameters for a combinationproduct of the present disclosure comprising progesterone (200 mg) andestradiol (2.0 mg) as prepared via the process described in Example 14and compared to 200 mg of PROMETRIUM® (Catalent Pharmaceuticals, St.Petersburg, Fla. (and 2.0 mg of ESTRACE (estradiol vaginal cream, USP,0.01%) (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Princeton, N.J.), administered totwenty-four (24) normal healthy, adult human post-menopausal femalesubjects under fed conditions.

The pharmaceutical formulation of the invention used in these PK studieshad substantially the following formula:

Amount Qty/Capsule Ingredient(s) (% w/w) (mg) Progesterone, USP,micronized 7.14 50.00 Estradiol Hemihydrate, USP Micronized 0.30 2.07CAPMUL MCM, NF, USP 83.27 582.93 GELUCIRE 44/14, NF 9.29 650 Total100.00 700

The Study Design: An open-label, balanced, randomized, two-treatment,two-period, two-sequence, single-dose, two-way crossover study.

The subjects were housed in the clinical facility from at least 11.00hours pre-dose to at least 48.00 hours post-dose in each period, with awashout period of at least 14 days between the successive dosing days.

Subjects were fasted for at least about 10.00 hours before being serveda high-fat, high-calorie breakfast, followed by dosing, then followed bya 04.00 hour, post-dose additional period of fasting.

Standard meals were provided at about 04.00, 09.00, 13.00, 25.00, 29.00,34.00 and 38.00 hours post-dose, respectively.

Water was restricted at least about 01 hour prior to dosing until about01 hour post-dose (except for water given during dosing). At othertimes, drinking water was provided ad libitum.

Subjects were instructed to abstain from consuming caffeine and/orxanthine containing products (i.e. coffee, tea, chocolate, andcaffeine-containing sodas, colas, etc.) for at least about 24.00 hoursprior to dosing and throughout the study, grapefruit and\or its juiceand poppy containing foods for at least about 48.00 hours prior todosing and throughout the study.

Subjects remained seated upright for about the first 04.00 hourspost-dose and only necessary movements were allowed during this period.Thereafter subjects were allowed to ambulate freely during the remainingpart of the study. Subjects were not allowed to lie down (except asdirected by the physician secondary to adverse events) duringrestriction period.

Subjects were instructed not to take any prescription medications within14 days prior to study check in and throughout the study. Subjects wereinstructed not to take any over the counter medicinal products, herbalmedications, etc. within 7 days prior to study check-in and throughoutthe study.

After overnight fasting of at least about 10.00 hours, a high-fathigh-calorie breakfast was served about 30 minutes prior toadministration of investigational product(s). All subjects were requiredto consume their entire breakfast within about 30 minutes of it beingserved, a single dose of either test product (T) of Progesterone 200 mg& Estradiol 2 mg tablets or the reference product (R) PROMETRIUM®(Progesterone) soft gel Capsule 200 mg and ESTRACE® (Estradiol) Tablets2 mg (according to the randomization schedule) were administered withabout 240 mL of water under fed condition, at ambient temperature ineach period in sitting posture. A thorough mouth check was done toassess the compliance to dosing.

All dosed study subjects were assessed for laboratory tests at the endof the study or as applicable.

In each period, twenty-three (23) blood samples were collected. Thepre-dose (10 mL) blood samples at −01.00, −00.50, 00.00 hours and thepost-dose blood samples (08 mL each) were collected at 00.25, 00.50,00.67, 00.83, 01.00, 01.33, 01.67, 02.00, 02.50, 03.00, 04.00, 05.00,06.00, 07.00, 08.00, 10.00, 12.00, 18.00, 24.00 and 48.00 hours inlabeled K2EDTA—vacutainers via an indwelling cannula placed in one ofthe forearm veins of the subjects. Each intravenous indwelling cannulawas kept in situ as long as possible by injecting about 0.5 mL of 10IU/mL of heparin in normal saline solution to maintain the cannula forcollection of the post-dose samples. In such cases blood samples werecollected after discarding the first 0.5 mL of heparin containing blood.Each cannula was removed after the 24.00 hour sample was drawn orearlier or if blocked.

At the end of the study, the samples were transferred to thebio-analytical facility in a box containing sufficient dry ice tomaintain the integrity of the samples. These samples were stored at atemperature of −70° C.±20° C. in the bio-analytical facility untilanalysis.

Progesterone (Corrected and Uncorrected) and Estradiol (unconjugated)and estrone (total) in plasma samples is assayed using a validatedLC-MS/MS method.

The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-t & AUC0-∞ were calculated ondata obtained from 24 subjects for the test product and referenceproduct. In general, bioavailability of progesterone and estradiol weresimilar but bioequivalence was not established.

Corrected pharmacokinetic profile summaries are presented in Table 9,below, for progesterone.

TABLE 9 Summary of Primary Pharmacokinetic Profile of Test Product (T)versus Reference Product (R) for Progesterone (Corrected) ArithmeticMean ± Geometric Mean* Standard Deviation Test Reference Test ReferencePharmacokinetic Product Product Product Product Parameter (T) (R) (T)(R) C_(max) 47.0 43.0 81.0 ± 82.8 117.7 ± 173.7 AUC_(0-t) 107.6 97.8163.9 ± 136.5 191.1 ± 241.7 AUC_(0-∞) 110.7 110.0 173.5 ± 143.0 207.1 ±250.3 *Estimate of Least Square Mean used to calculate Geometric Mean

Study 351—Progesterone and Estradiol Combination Study under FastingConditions.

Fasted studies using the above protocol and test and reference productswere also conducted. However, rather than the high-fat meal prior toadministration of the test and reference drug, each subject fasted for aperiod of at least twelve (12) hours prior to dose administration.

The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-t & AUC0-∞ were calculated ondata obtained from 23 subjects under fasting conditions for the testproduct and reference product. In general, bioavailability ofprogesterone and estradiol were similar but bioequivalence was notestablished.

Corrected pharmacokinetic profile summaries are presented in Table 10,below for progesterone.

TABLE 10 Summary of Primary Pharmacokinetic Profile of Test Product (T)versus Reference Product (R) for Progesterone (Corrected) ArithmeticMean ± Geometric Mean* Standard Deviation Test Reference Test ReferencePharmacokinetic Product Product Product Product Parameter (T) (R) (T)(R) C_(max) 2.3 3.0 2.9 ± 2.3 3.9 ± 3.4 AUC_(0-t) 8.4 10.9 11.2 ± 8.7 14.5 ± 11.0 AUC_(0-∞) 12.9 17.2 15.1 ± 9.0  19.6 ± 10.2 *Estimate ofLeast Square Mean used to calculate Geometric Mean

The data indicate good (i.e., low) inter-patient and intra-patientvariability relative to PROMETRIUM.

Example 14

Dissolution

Dissolution studies were performed using a formulation of this inventioncomparing the dissolution of progesterone to the dissolution ofPROMETRIUM and comparing the dissolution of estradiol to the dissolutionof Estrace. In one study, a formulation of the invention in capsulescomprising 200 mg of progesterone and 2 mg estradiol was used. In asecond study, a formulation of the invention in capsules comprising 50mg of progesterone and 2 mg estradiol was used. The two formulationscomprised:

The dissolution study was performed using a USP dissolution apparatus(reciprocating cylinder) (“USP Apparatus 3”). The apparatus was set to30 dips per minute. 250 mL of a solution of 0.1N HCl with 3% sodiumlauryl sulfate was used at 37 C.

In both studies, progesterone was dissolved faster, and with smallerstandard deviations, from the capsules of the invention than fromPROMETRIUM. Dissolution of estradiol was comparable but marginallyslower from the capsules of the invention than from Estrace. Forillustrative purposes, a graph showing progestrone dissolution from the200 mg progesterone capsule of the invention and from PROMETRIUM isattached as FIG. 6.

Both capsules of the invention were stable on storage in white HDPEbottles. Positive stability data were obtained with the 200 mgprogesterone formulation over 6 months (>6 months data unavailable) andwith the 50 mg progesterone formulation over 3 months (>3 months dataunavailable).

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made in the present disclosurewithout departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, itis intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications andvariations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of theappended claims and their equivalents.

Likewise, numerous characteristics and advantages have been set forth inthe preceding description, including various alternatives together withdetails of the structure and function of the devices and/or methods. Thedisclosure is intended as illustrative only and as such is not intendedto be exhaustive. It will be evident to those skilled in the art thatvarious modifications may be made, especially in matters of structure,materials, elements, components, shape, size and arrangement of partsincluding combinations within the principles of the disclosure, to thefull extent indicated by the broad, general meaning of the terms inwhich the appended claims are expressed. To the extent that thesevarious modifications do not depart from the spirit and scope of theappended claims, they are intended to be encompassed therein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: progesterone; a medium chain oil; and a non-ionic surfactant; wherein the progesterone is present from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of the composition.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the progesterone is ultra-micronized and has an X50 less than or equal to 15 microns.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the ultra-micronized progesterone has an X90 of less than about 25 microns.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein a portion of the progesterone is solubilized and a portion of the progesterone is suspended.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides EP, lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerides, and caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides EP.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is provided in a gelatin capsule.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition provides increased bioavailability compared to a micronized progesterone suspended in peanut oil.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein progesterone is the sole active ingredient.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the medium chain oil comprises at least one C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol or mono- or di-ester of a glycol.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the at least one C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol is a C₈ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, further comprising a second C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the second C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol is a C₁₀ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the medium chain oil is MIGLYOL
 812. 14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: 75 mg of progesterone; a medium chain oil; and a non-ionic surfactant; wherein the progesterone is present at from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of the composition.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the progesterone is ultra-micronized and has an X50 less than or equal to 15 microns.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the ultra-micronized progesterone has an X90 of less than about 25 microns.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein a portion of the progesterone is solubilized and a portion of the progesterone is suspended.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides EP, lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerides, and caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides EP.
 19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the composition is provided in a gelatin capsule.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the composition provides increased bioavailability compared to a micronized progesterone suspended in peanut oil.
 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein progesterone is the sole active ingredient.
 22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the medium chain oil comprises at least one C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol or mono- or di-ester of a glycol.
 23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22, wherein the at least one C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol is a C₈ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, further comprising a second C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 24, wherein the second C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol is a C₁₀ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein the medium chain oil is MIGLYOL
 812. 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: 150 mg progesterone; a medium chain oil; and a non-ionic surfactant; wherein the progesterone is present at from about 20 to about 50 weight percent of the composition.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the progesterone is ultra-micronized and has an X50 less than or equal to 15 microns.
 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein the ultra-micronized progesterone has an X90 of less than about 25 microns.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein a portion of the progesterone is solubilized and a portion of the progesterone is suspended.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides EP, lauroyl polyoxyl-32 glycerides, and caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides EP.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the composition is provided in a gelatin capsule.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the composition provides increased bioavailability compared to a micronized progesterone suspended in peanut oil.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein progesterone is the sole active ingredient.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the medium chain oil comprises at least one C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol or mono- or di-ester of a glycol.
 36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the at least one C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol is a C₈ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 36, further comprising a second C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 37, wherein the second C₆-C₁₄ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol is a C₁₀ fatty acid mono-, di-, or tri-ester of glycerol.
 39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 38, wherein the medium chain oil is MIGLYOL
 812. 40. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 27, wherein the medium chain oil is MIGLYOL 812, the non-ionic surfactant is lauroyl polyoxyl-32-glycerides, and wherein the pharmaceutical formulation provides increased progesterone bioavailability compared to a formulation comprising an equivalent amount of micronized progesterone suspended in peanut oil. 